PARTICIPLES
| active voice | passive voice | |
| present participle
1.příč.přít, 2. přechodník |
LOSING- ztrácející(příč.přít)
– ztráceje(íc, íce)-přech. |
BEING LOST- jsa(ouc, ouce) ztracen |
| perfect participle
=min.přechodník |
HAVING LOST -ztrativ(ši, še)
|
HAVING BEEN LOST -byv(še, ši)
ztracen |
| past participle
=příč.min.trpné |
LOST (příč.min.trpné) – ztracen(ý, á, í) |
- Participles used as adjectives:
- present participle
a washing machine, a dancing lesson, a parking place, a driving licence…
b.past participle
a broken hart, spoken English, a witten exam, a lost dog
BUT!!! a found dog -neexistuje
→participles placed after a noun: the man(who is) dancing with my sister
→the dog (which was) found yesterday
→a picture painted on the wall
- Participle (adverbial) clauses
SHODA ČASŮ
As he´s ill, he can´t go to school. =a clause of reason
Being ill, he can´t go to school. = jsa nemocen
As he was ill, he couldn´t go to school.
Being ill, he couldn´t go to school.
=simultaneous actions in both the subordinate and the main clause-OBA ČASY NA STEJNÉ ÚROVNI
When they saw the sights, they were impressed.= a time clause
Seeing the sights, they were impressed.
*He was sitting there and he wasn´t saying anything.
He sat there(jedn.přít.čas) and wasn´t saying anything (průběh.čas).
He sat there not saying anything.
=accompanying circumstances (doprovodné okolnosti)
ROZDÍL ČASŮ
As he was ill(past), he still feels tired(PRESENT).
= preceding(předcházející) action
Having been ill, he still feels tired.
Having seen the sights, they returned home.
=When they had seen the sights(PAST PERF.), they returned home(PAST).
Přechodníková věta se může použít při shodě podmětů, BUT:
Generally speaking, women live longer than men. (people say that women…)
Considering everything, it wasn´t a bad day. (We consider…)
Supposing you won, what would you do? ( I suppose…)
ROZDÍL PODMĚTŮ
Absolute participle clause (formal, used in written E)
As the weather(1st subject) was fine, we(2nd subject) sat on our trip.
The weather being fine, we sat out on a trip.
ČINNÝ × TRPNÝ
Činný: Having spent all the money, we had to return home.
Trpný: All the money having been spent, we had to return home.
Being Sunday, all the shops were closed.
Conjunctions + Participles:
(While / Whilst / When they were) clearing the snow, they talked about the weather.
After / Before / On / Without + ing form:
He left the room without saying anything.
With + ing form:
I can´t concentrate with you watching me.
The house appears empty with the children being away.
When (he was) asked what he thought of the problem, he fell silent. (zmlknul)
Protože se nemohl rozhodnout, co udělá, zmlkl.
Not being able what to do, he fell silent.
I am very tired what with travelling all day yesterday.
= because of