CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (účelové věty)
Prosím, abys jí pomohl. = VV předmětná – object.clause
Je důležité, abys jí pomohl. = VV podmětná – subj.clause
Jsi tu abys jí pomohl. = VV účelová
They support him so that he will win. -c.o.s.
-present tense – will
Main clause -future tense + so(that) – can
-present perf. – may / shall (more formal)
Main clause -past tense + so(that) -would
-past perf. -could
-might / should (more formal)
The police locked the door, so that nobody could get in.
Jack went to England to study engineering.
=the subjects have = the infinitive of purpose
to be the same
Jack went to England to / in order to / so as to study engineering. =POSITIVE SENTENCES
He went to England so as not to / in order not to forget his English. = NEGATIVE SENTENCE
Vezmi si mapu abys nezabloudil.
Take a map in case you(taking precaution)- pro případ / so as not to get lost.
A False clause of purpose
He was running fast only to discover that the train had left.
I´ll do everything so that you won´t complain.
= I´ll do everything to prevent (from) you complaining.
I´ll do everything so that you´ll / to make you feel comfortable.
Formal
She speaks /spoke low for fear that they may / might overhear her.
She gets / got up early lest (aby ne) she should miss the train.
“FOR“describes how things are used:
This button is for starting the machine. – nepatří do účel.souvětí
CLAUSES OF REASON (příčinné v.)
He didn´t go to the meeting because he wasn´t interested.
As it is february we are nearer to spring. = něco co je obecně známé, východisko sdělení
As it is your birthday we brought you some flowers. × We brought you some flowers, because it is your birthday. -NE!!!
God forgive them for they know not what they do. – dated and literary -zastaralé a knižní
prepositions of reason:
The match was cancelled because of / due to / owing to / on account of the bad weather.
CLAUSES OF RESULT
They lied to me and so / so that / that´s why / for that reason / as a result / therefore / consequently I don´t trust them any more. = v důsledku toho
He is so (+adj.) tall that he always hits his head on the door.
She is such (+noun) a busy person that she´s never bored.
The table is too heavy for me to lift.
I´m not strong enough to lift the table.
The tea is too hot to drink it. -NE!!!
CLAUSES OF CONTRAST (odporovací) AND CONSESSION (přípustkové)
Although / Though / Even though / Even if you don´t like him, you still can be polite.
Jill is good at running while / whilst / whereas his sister is good at jumping.
He runs fast. But he didn´t win.
However, / Nevertheless, he didn´t win.
He didn´t, though. /, however. /, nevertheless.
Inspite of / Despite running fast he didn´t win.
She was injured. She won the race.
Despite / inspite of + noun /-ing
Despite her injury / being injured she won the race.
Whatever you do / No matter what you do, don´t touch those wires.
Kdo přijde, ať počká. Whoever comes / No matter who comes tell them to wait.
No matter how / However much they liked each other they quarrelled a lot.
CLAUSES OF COMPARISON
He looks as if he didn´t know me. = but he does
You look as if you are happy. = you are obviously
You look as if you have been running.
She looked as if she had seen a ghost.
They looked at me as if / like I was crazy.
TEXT ORGANIZER
Sequencing (rozvrhování):
First of all / First / Firstly / Second / Secondly …
then – časová záležitost – nelze použít ve smyslu „tudíž“
then / last of all / lastly / finally × ne last !!!
Adding:
…and moreover /…and what´s more / furthermore /in addition /as well as this /besides this there are…
Giving opinions:
Personally, I think that / In my opinion, … / As far as I am concerned (co se mě týče) / From my point of view
Giving examples:
e.g. / for example / for instance
such as
i.e. = that is (Id est)
Showing result:
therefore / for that reason / as a result / consequently
Making contrasts:
On the other hand
In contrast, … / In contrast with stg.
in / by comparison (with stg.)
apart from– kromě / unlike-narozdíl / however / nevertheless
Summing up:
to sum up, I would like to say
In conclusion – na závěr
TRANSLATION:
He started to drink in order to forget. He came quietly so as not to wake up his wife. It´s too late for the pubs to be opened. I will give my ticket to anyone / to whoever wants it. I am tired – however / nevertheless, because of the weather. A thermometer is for measuring temperature. No matter rich people are, they always want more. Would you be kind enough as to open the window. Despite the cold wind, they went out without their coats. In contrast with you / Unlike you I am not a great dancer. Apart from the salary, it is not a bad job. He warned her that he would be late, so taht she wouldn´t worry. He wants a car- the bigger,the better.